February 4, 2021
By now, you have likely read, or at least seen, something about Gamestop in the news. What exactly happened? Well, here’s a quick guide to the market frenzy you’re seeing in the headlines.
What is GameStop and why does everyone care?
GameStop is a brick-and-mortar video game chain that hit hard times in the pandemic. Like many distressed companies, it was targeted by short sellers betting that the stock’s price would go down.1 Basically, short sellers do the opposite of most investors. They try to make money when a stock’s price falls. They borrow shares from their brokerage for a fee, immediately sell them, and plan to buy them back later at a lower price when the price falls. Shorting is a strategy used by certain types of hedge funds.
What’s a short squeeze?
Shorting stocks is risky since any positive news or interest in a company can drive the stock’s price up. When short sellers bet wrong and a stock’s price rises, they can be forced to buy shares at higher prices to cover their losses (or pony up more collateral). A squeeze happens when short sellers scramble to buy shares to cover their positions when the stock price is rising. The more investors who buy and hold those shares, the harder it is for short sellers to find shares to buy (exposing them to potentially huge losses).
With me so far?
Where does Reddit come in?
After it became clear that short sellers were betting on GameStop’s demise, the popular company became the focus of amateur traders on the popular WallStreetBets forum on Reddit, a popular community of chatrooms and forums. By banding together and coordinating buying activity, these small-time traders boosted the stock’s price far above what the company’s financial fundamentals support, putting pressure on the hedge funds betting the other way.2
The stock went viral.
Why?
Social media chatter + free trading apps like Robinhood + bull market + new investors with time on their hands = FRENZY
Is it illegal? That’s a stretch. These armchair traders are egging each other into speculative bets, but I don’t think it rises to the level of illegal market manipulation. However, regulators might feel differently. Is it bad for markets? The battle between gleeful amateurs pushing prices up and hedge funds scrambling to force prices down has led to some of the highest volume trading days on record and cost short sellers billions.3
Is this David vs. Goliath?
I don’t think the GameStop bubble is just about greed or boredom or euphoria. I see a powerful narrative at play. I think a lot of these small traders are angry at the perception that All-Powerful Wall Street is pulling strings and using their connections to hurt mom-and-pop investors. They see this as an opportunity to stick it to the big-money pros by using their own strategies against them. It’s new school vs. old school. Rebels vs. the Empire. Bueller vs. Principal Rooney. Reddit vs. CNBC.
Why are people angry at Robinhood?
Amidst the buying frenzy, Robinhood and other popular brokerage platforms suddenly restricted trading on several red-hot stocks, including GameStop. Protests erupted from investors, many market pros (not the short sellers, obviously), lawmakers and more. Did Robinhood halt trading to appease big investors at the expense of small investors? Did they do it to protect markets from manipulation and liquidity problems? Frankly, it’s pretty wild that a bunch of regular folks with small trading accounts can bring massive institutional investors to their knees.
What are the implications of this frenzy?
There’s no predicting the future, obviously, but I think a few things are likely. Most bubbles end naturally when the euphoria turns to panic, folks start selling, and the price crashes. However, it’s also possible that regulators will step in if they think there’s risk to markets (or they see too many investors getting hurt). I think this ride’s going to end in tears for many folks caught up in it. But I’m not sure who will be crying hardest.
This is an evolving situation so it will be interesting to see how things pan out over the next few weeks.
1https://www.morningstar.com/articles/1019249/what-the-heck-is-going-on-with-gamestop
3https://www.ft.com/content/56658052-76fe-4910-8cb7-810039753f7c
4https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/28/robinhood-customer-sues-trading-app-over-gamestop-restrictions.html
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